Tinjauan Virtual Reality Church dalam Terang Theology of the Body Menurut Yohanes II.

Teknologi Metaverse telah mengambil peran besar dalam dunia kekristenan masa kini. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan salah satu fenomena gereja yang menggunakan salah satu teknologi Metaverse yaitu Virtual Reality Church. Persoalan hakiki dengan ibadah versi Virtual Reality adalah bahwa tubuh absen. Mungkinkah ibadah tetap bermakna saat tubuh tidak hadir dan digantikan dengan alat-alat teknologi. Sebagai landasan, metode penelitian ini melibatkan salah satu teologi Katolik yang dicetuskan oleh Yohanes Paulus II yaitu Theology of the Body. Teologi ini secara khusus membahas mengenai posisi tubuh dan seksualitas manusia di hadapan Allah. Yohanes Paulus II mengembalikan perspektif alkitabiah mengenai tubuh manusia seperti nyata dalam kitab Kejadian. Dalam kitab Kejadian, Yohanes Paulus II menemukan tiga pengalaman asli manusia yaitu Original Solitude, Original Unity dan Original Nakedness. Ketiga bentuk pengalaman ini menjadi kerangka besar dari pembahasan Theology of the Body. Berlandaskan teologi ini, Virtual Reality tidak bisa digunakan secara berkala dalam kegiatan peribadatan. Beberapa fungsi pada tubuh terbukti tidak bisa digantikan oleh teknologi Virtual Reality, bahkan cenderung mereduksi nilai daripada tubuh itu sendiri.
Kata Kunci: Virtual Reality Church, Metaverse, Theology of the Body, Yohanes Paulus II.

Sumber Buku dan Jurnal
Adiprasetya, Joas, Jan S. Aritonang, and Eddy Kristiyanto, eds. Kamus gereja & teologi Kristen. Cetakan ke-1, Edisi soft cover. Jakarta, Indonesia: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2021.
Amos, Sukamto. “Tren-Tren Kultur Hidup Bergereja Pada Era Digital-Pandemi Covid- 19.” 1 September 2021 4, no. 1 (n.d.): 18. https://www.ejournal.sttberitahidup.ac.id/index.php/jbh/article/view/168/106.
Anderson, Carl A., and José Granados. Called to Love: Approaching John Paul II’s Theology of the Body. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday, 2009.
Bock, Darrel L., and Jonathan J. Armstrong. Virtual Reality Church. Jakarta, Indonesia: Literatur Perkantas, 2021.
Dwivedi, Yogesh K., Laurie Hughes, Abdullah M. Baabdullah, Samuel Ribeiro-Navarrete, Mihalis Giannakis, Mutaz M. Al-Debei, Denis Dennehy, et al. “Metaverse beyond the Hype: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Emerging Challenges, Opportunities, and Agenda for Research, Practice and Policy.” International Journal of
Information Management 66 (October 2022): 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542.
Evert, Jason. Theology of the Body in One Hour. Scottsdale, AZ: Totus Tuus Press, 2017.
Fernandes, Filipe Arantes, and Cláudia Werner. “A Systematic Literature Review of the Metaverse for Software Engineering Education: Overview, Challenges and Opportunities (Preprint),” 2022.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25341.64489.
Ghobakhloo, Morteza. “Industry 4.0, Digitization, and Opportunities for Sustainability.” Journal of Cleaner Production 252 (April 2020): 119869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869.
Goradia, Ishan, Jheel Doshi, and Lakshmi Kurup. “A Review Paper on Oculus Rift & Project Morpheus,” n.d., 5.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/537bd8c9e4b0c89881877356/t/54b8bf84e4b a14bf3f74a30/1421393796411/Paper183196-3200.pdf.
John Paul, and Michael Waldstein. Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology of the Body. Boston, MA: Pauline Books & Media, 2006.
Jun, Guichun. “Virtual Reality Church as a New Mission Frontier in the Metaverse: Exploring Theological Controversies and Missional Potential of Virtual Reality Church.” Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 37, no. 4 (October 2020): 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378820963155.52
———. “Virtual Reality Church as a New Mission Frontier in the Metaverse: Exploring Theological Controversies and Missional Potential of Virtual Reality Church.” Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 37, no. 4 (October 2020): 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378820963155.
Khuzeir Tarmizi, Ahmad, Haning Hasbiyati, and Miftahul Hakim. “Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Virtual Reality Pada Mata Kuliah Anatomi Dan fisiologi Manusia Pada Mahasiswa Semester VI Pendidikan Biologi.” JURNAL BIOSHELL 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 37–40. https://doi.org/10.36835/bio.v9i2.764.
Kim, Jay Y. Analog Church (Gereja Analog) ; Mengapa kita membutuhkan orang, tempat dan sesuatu yang nyata dalam Era Digital. Surabaya, Indonesia: Literatur Perkantas, 2020.
Lugrin, Jean-Luc, Maximilian Ertl, Philipp Krop, Richard Klupfel, Sebastian Stierstorfer, Bianka Weisz, Maximilian Ruck, Johann Schmitt, Nina Schmidt, and Marc Erich Latoschik. “Any ‘Body’ There? Avatar Visibility Effects in a Virtual Reality Game.” In 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces
(VR), 17–24. Reutlingen: IEEE, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2018.8446229.
Lukito, Daniel L. Gereja Di Tengah Gejolak Zaman: Berjalan Dalam Kebenaran, Kewaspadaan dan Kebijaksanaan. 1st ed. Malang, Indonesia: Sekolah Tinggi Asia Tenggara, 2022.
Maloney, Divine, Samaneh Zamanifard, and Guo Freeman. “Anonymity vs. Familiarity: Self-Disclosure and Privacy in Social Virtual Reality.” In 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 1–9. Virtual Event Canada: ACM, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418967.
Percy, Anthony. Theology of the Body Made Simple. 1st North American ed. Boston, MA: Pauline Books & Media, 2006.
Prihartana, Agung. The Theology Of The Body : Mengapa Laki-Laki Dan Perempuan
Diciptakan ? Jogjakarta: Penerbit Maharsa, 2015.
Primus SS, Antonius. Tubuh dalam Balutan Teologi: Membuka Selubung Seksualitas Tubuh bersama Paus Yohanes Paulus II. Jakarta, Indonesia: OBOR, 2014.
Rudman, Riaan, and Rikus Bruwer. “Defining Web 3.0: Opportunities and Challenges.” The Electronic Library 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 132–54. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-08-2014-0140.
Setiawan, Kristoforus Krisna. “Seksualitas Sebagai Ciri Martabat Manusia Dalam Teologi Tubuh.” Lux et Sal 2, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 115–24. https://doi.org/10.57079/lux.v2i2.63.
Simanjuntak, Irfan Feriando, Ramses Simanjuntak, and Agiana Her Visnhu Ditakristi. “Analisis tentang Relevansi Ibadah Gereja Pascapandemi Covid-19.” DIEGESIS: Jurnal Teologi Kharismatika 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.53547/diegesis.v3i1.63.53
Sitanggang, Murni Hermawaty. “Beradaptasi Dengan Pandemi: Menelisik Arah Pelayanan Gereja Ke Depan.” Diegesis : Jurnal Teologi 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.46933/DGS.vol6i11-19.
Tari, Ezra. “Metaverse Challenges and Opportunities in the Gospel Message.” Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2023): 510–18. https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v6i2.29774.
Teja, Tommy, and Reynaldi Francois. Mengerti Metaverse. Jakarta, Indonesia: Elex Media Komputindo, 2022.
West, Christopher. Eclipse of the Body. United States: Totus Tuus Press, 2013.
———. Theology of the Body for Beginners: A Basic Introduction to Pope John Paul II’s Sexual Revolution. [Rev. ed.]. West Chester, Pa.: Ascension Press, 2009.
Sumber Internet
Tanri Raafani, “(REVIEW) Ready Player One: Bukan Cuma buat Anak Geek” ( diakses pada 9 November 2022 ) https://kincir.com/movie/cinema/review-ready-playerone-t0QxijjbSlxq
Richard Moss, “Roam free: A history of open-world gaming” https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/03/youre-now-free-to-move-about-vice-citya-history-of-open-world-gaming/ ( diakses pada 9 November 2022 )
Daley Wilhelm, “THE ENTIRE GOD OF WAR TIMELINE EXPLAINED” https://www.svg.com/156113/the-entire-god-of-war-timeline-explained/ ( diakses pada 9 November 2022 )
Galuh Putri Riyanto, Mengenal Meta, Perusahaan Baru Facebook, Instagram, dan WhatsApp,
ttps://tekno.kompas.com/read/2021/10/30/08040097/mengenal-metaperusahaan-baru-facebook-instagram-dan-whatsapp?page=all ( diakses pada 9 November 2022 )
Andy Patrizio and Stephen J. Bigelow, “Definition Microsoft” https://www.techtarget.com/searchwindowsserver/definition/Microsoft#:~:text=M microsoft%20is%20the%20largest%20vendor,in%20more%20than%2060%20countries. ( diakses pada 10 November 2022 )
Britney Kutuchief, “What is Roblox? Everything You Need to Know About the Social Gaming Platform “ https://blog.hootsuite.com/what-is-roblox/ ( diakses pada 10 November 2022 )
Richard Hogan, “An Introduction to John Paul II's Theology of the Body (1)” https://www.nfpoutreach.org/47 ( diakses pada 1 Desember 2022 )
Daniel Herron, “Daniel Herron: Lessons from The Robloxian Christians online church”
ttps://faithandleadership.com/daniel-herron-lessons-the-robloxian-christiansonline-church ( diakses pada 10 November 2022 )54
Adi Permana, Memahami Berbagai Perubahan di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0,
ttps://www.itb.ac.id/news/read/57037/home/memahami-berbagai-perubahan-diera-revolusi-industri-40. (diakses pada 29 Juni 2023)
Rakesh Sharma, Non-Fungible Token (NFT): What It Means and How It Works, https://www.investopedia.com/non-fungible-tokens-nft-5115211. (diakses pada 28 Juni 2023)
AltSpaceVR Beginner Guide, https://altvr.com/altspacevr-beginners-guide/ ( diakses pada 7 Februari 2023 )
Internetmatter.org, What is Rec Room ? What Parents need to know. https://www.internetmatters.org/hub/news-blogs/what irecroom/#:~:text=Rec%20Room%20follows%20in%20the%20footsteps%20of%20Roblox%20and%20other%20similar%20games. (diakses pada 22 Juni 2023)
Erythromelalgia merupakan kondisi langka yang menyebabkan rasa sakit seperti terbakar pada tangan, kaki, lengan dan juga wajah. Nords, Erythromelalgia, https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/erythromelalgia/ ( diakses pada 8 Februari 2023 )
Katakombe.Org, Santo Paus Yohanes Paulus II, Bapa Peziarah, Karol Wojtyla, Giovanni Paolo II, Juan Pablo II, John Paul the Great, https://katakombe.org/parakudus/oktober/yohanes-paulus-ii.html ( diakses pada 10 Februari 2023 )
Biography, John Paul II, Pope John Paul II made history in 1978 by becoming the first non-Italian pope in more than 400 years, https://www.biography.com/religiousfigures/john-paul-ii ( diakses pada 10 Februari 2023 )
William B. Blakemore, St. John Paul II, https://www.britannica.com/biography/SaintJohn-Paul-II ( diakses pada 10 Februari 2023 )
CNA (Catholic News Agency), Biography of Pope John Paul II, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55014/biography-of-pope-johnpaul-ii ( diakses pada 15 Februari 2023 )
Fort Behavioral Health, Escapism: Coping Skill or Detrimental? https://www.fortbehavioral.com/addiction-recovery-blog/escapism-coping- killordetrimental/#:~:text=Updated%3A%20August%2013%2C%202021,making%20it
%20through%20each%20day. (diakses pada 29 Juni 2023)
Sumber Youtube
Associated Press, Finding faith and community in the metaverse, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqhC3Ccl8PU. (diakses pada 29 Juni 2023)
Carey Nieuwhof, D.J. Soto and Nona Jones: An Introduction to the Metaverse, D.J. Soto and Nona Jones: An Introduction to the Metaverse, Web3, VR Church and What's Next Online and IRL.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNjvSWaNpJw&t=1411s. (diakses pada 28 Juni 2023)55